History of Andersonville Prison Essay -- Andersonville Prison Civil Wa

History of Andersonville Prison When one turns on the television today they are made witness to all the crimes that are present in society. It is impossible to sit through thirty-five minutes of news without anger and rage becoming aroused. This is because society is bothered by infinitesimal paraphernalia. Society also believes in human rights and punishment for those who violate such rights. Yet what constitutes humanity? Ever sit there and watch the news and wonder just how far humanity reaches? When is it time to say this is a human rights violation? Every wonder when someone’s morals and ethics begin to effect their ability to do their job? Ever wonder why in every news story the â€Å"bad guy† always become caught? Ever wonder how many people on death row might not be guilt? Some of them could have even been used as scapegoats. Yet how does one become a scapegoat? Could someone out there have that much hatred and anger to blame one person for the faults of many? Is the need for blame significant ? Does desire lead to more hatred and evil? What does it feel like to be blamed for something that might not be wrong, and to be put on trial knowing that the jury wants to blame someone? In society and in the United States since its founding, there has been a need to place blame. Imagine how the person being blamed would feel. Henry Wirz did not have to image it; he lived through it and died for it. Someone is always to be blamed, even if they were just following orders. Orders which can only go so far until humanity takes effect. Henry Wirz was used as a scapegoat for war crimes committed during the Civil War at Andersonville Prison, however that does not justify his acts or make him an American hero. Ever take a midnight train to Georgia? No, well ever drive through Georgia? When driving through Georgia on State Road 49, there is a little town called Andersonville that is very easy to miss. To many it is just another town. Yet this town has its own trail. The Andersonville Trail is a small brown dirt road that leads visitors to the Andersonville National Historic Site (Roberts xi). This National Historic Site looks like a â€Å"well- tended† national cemetery. On closer examination, this cemetery is nothing like Arlington (Roberts xi). â€Å"In this national cemetery, the marble headstones are so close together, they almost touch. The markers appear to be one long head... ... Confederacy should face the truth as did Eliza Frances Andrews, who wrote of Andersonville: â€Å"it is horrible, and a blot on the fair name of our Confederacy† (Futch 122). That is exactly it, Andersonville was a blot on the Confederacy not on just Wirz, yet Wirz was blamed. Does this seam fair? Hardly. What happened at Andersonville was a repercussion of the Confederacy’s inability, not on the inability of Henry Wirz. Bibliography Denny, Robert. Civil War Prisons and Escapes. New York, New York: Sterling Publishing Company, 1993. Futch, Ovid. History of Andersonville Prison. Indiantown, Florida: University of Florida Press, 1968. Hillstrom, Kevin. American Civil War Biographies. Michigan: The Gale Group, 2000 Levitt, Saul. The Andersonville Trial. New York, New York: Random House, 1960. Murphy, Richard. The Nation Reunited. Canada: Time-Life Books, Inc. 1987 Roberts, Edward. Andersonville Journey. Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press, 1998 Robertson, James: Tenting Tonight: A Soldier’s Life. Canada: The Time-Life, Inc. 1984. Shaw, William B., et al. A Photographic History of the Civil War. Six Volumes. New York, New York: The Blue and Grey Press, 1987.

The Sociological Context Of Healthcare Health And Social Care Essay

Ethnicity is a socially constructed term that refers to people sing themselves as different from another type of people in footings of hereditary background, faith, linguistic communication, civilization and where they originate from geographically. Harmonizing to Dyson ( 2005 ) , minority cultural groups are perceived to hold a different civilization or national tradition as compared to the bulk of the population. This explains that different cultural groups co-exist in England and the remainder of the UK. Harmonizing to Taylor and Field ( 2003 ) , this includes people of Afro- Caribbean descent, Africans and Asians merely to advert a few. Taylor and Field ( 2003, pg 72 ) suggest that being cultural agencies, â€Å" †¦ to be seen as a belongings of being black or Asiatic and in the minority†¦ † On the other manus, the bulk white population consists of the mainstream white British society that is dominant in the whole population. Furthermore, harmonizing to the Disea se Control Priorities Project ( 2006 ) , wellness position is a term used to mention to all countries of the wellness of persons in a state and the whole population ; and it includes disablements, mortality hazards and diseases. Therefore, harmonizing to statistics and statements by wellness specializers, sociologists and the media in Britain have ever argued that there is clear grounds of difference in the wellness position of minority cultural groups and the bulk white population. Some wellness sociologists argue that minority cultural groups in Britain and the UK tend to hold a less desirable and worse wellness position compared to the bulk white population due to several factors. Taylor and Field ( 2003 ) argue that racial favoritism undermines the wellness of minority cultural groups whether direct or indirect therefore impacting the people ‘s right to an first-class wellness service. Furthermore, they argue that due to the widening spread in mortality between the upper category and the working category has lead to ill wellness amongst cultural minority communities ; which hence has lead to the differences in wellness positions. Naidoo and Wills ( 2001 ) gave an illustration of institutional racism whereby slow reactions by health care professionals to cultural minority wellness have lead to less reding and testing for instances like reaping hook cell upset and thalassemia. Nazroo ( 1997a, cited in Culley and Dyson, 2001, pg 39 ) , argues that â€Å" †¦ the wellness positions of minority cultural groups in the UK appear, by and large talking, to be worse than the wellness position of the white populations†¦ † . This is a general statement that minority cultural groups are more challenged in footings of wellness compared to the bulk white group. Here, they have concluded from detecting forms in deceases and the causes amongst the population. Harmonizing to Culley and Dyson ( 2001 ) , they have observed forms in cultural factors, background, genetic sciences handiness of wellness services and economic factors. Harmonizing to the 1991 Census ( Culley and Dyson, 2001 ) the worse decease rates were for those persons born outside the UK. Marmot et Al ( 1984 ) published consequences of a survey which had been conducted between 1970 and 1978, on cultural minorities who died aged over twenty old ages in Britain and found out that all cultural mi norities born outside Britain had a higher decease rate runing from mere accidents to tuberculosis compared to the bulk white population. In physical wellness, statistical grounds indicates that persons born in the Caribbean tend to hold lower decease rates as a consequence of lung malignant neoplastic disease, whilst Indian persons besides have high decease hazards due to lung malignant neoplastic disease ; in comparing to Irish and Scots persons who have had high decease hazards from bosom disease and lung malignant neoplastic disease. Taylor and Field ( 2003 ) argued that Asiatic groups tend to hold higher rates of bosom disease and diabetes compared to the bulk white population. They besides observed that the Black groups tend to hold higher rates of high blood force per unit area, diabetes and shot compared to the bulk white population. Sproston and Mindell ( 2006 ) found out from the 2004 Health Survey for England consequences that Indian male childs in Britain have a higher frequence of extended unwellness compared to the misss and other cultural minority groups. In support of consequences from a wellness study, Nazroo ( 1997a ) explained that minority cultural groups indicated well high degrees of self-reported ailment wellness compared to the white population ; particularly those of Pakistani/ Bangladeshi and Caribbean descent. They all reported worse bosom wellness and instances of diabetes compared to their white opposite numbers. In relation to mental wellness instances, Karlsen et Al ( 2005 ) argued that higher rates of treated mental wellness jobs ( schizophrenic disorder ) have been reported for cultural minorities particularly black groups compared to their white opposite numbers. Morgan et Al ( 2004 ) found out that immature black African and Caribbean work forces tend to acquire more constabularies invasion and fewer hospitalization, household intercession and rehabilitation taking to long periods of psychotic agony compared to any other societal group. Reasons from these sociologists were that: Afro Caribbean male childs have been labelled as violent and threatening by head-shrinkers so the minute they approach them for aid, they are already viewed as excessively disturbed upon first presentation at the GP ( physicians ‘ ) . Surveies besides indicated a higher standard mortality rate ( SMR ) amongst Caribbean ; with work forces making 176, whilst 210 for adult females for mental health-related jo bs. However, these statistics did non include the Irish minority. Concentrating on mental wellness, harmonizing to Culley and Dyson ( 2001 ) , surveies have shown a high prevalence of persons from African and Afro-Caribbean descent to be three to five times more likely than Whites to be diagnosed with schizophrenic disorder ( Bagley, 1971 ; Littlewood and Lipsedge, 1988 ) . Cochrane and Bal ( 1989 ) observed that these consequences apply more to immature African and Afro Caribbean work forces who largely were born in Britain. Nazroo ( 1997b ) observed the Fourth National Survey of Ethnic Minorities and found out that Caribbean young persons enduring from mental wellness jobs yearly amounted to fourteen per 1000 compared to the Whites ‘ eight per 1000. This brings out a decision that a greater per centum of cultural minorities had a worse wellness position compared to the white bulk. Furthermore, harmonizing to Balarajan and Botting ( 1989 ) , the pre-birth mortality rates in Britain are higher amongst cultural minority adult females in comparing to babes of British born female parents. They found out that there were 16 deceases per one 1000 live for babes belonging to Pakistani female parents between 1986 and 1988 ; compared to nine for babies belonging to British Born female parents. This is another ground why the wellness position of minority cultural groups is worse than that of the bulk white population. Another ground for the difference in wellness position between these two societal groups is lifestyle. Surveies indicate that persons in a manual societal category, or who tend to make blue-collar manual labor ( working category ) have a higher mortality rate compared to white neckband or non-manual societal categories ( Phillimore et Al, 1994 ) . This besides means that persons in the working category have higher ego reported unwellnesss compared to those i n the non-manual societal category ( white neckband occupations, e.g managerial and high paying occupations ) . Harmonizing to Platt ( 2007 ) , poorness and want is known to be prevailing amongst cultural minority groups compared to the remainder of the population. Groups that suffer most include Africans, Afro – Caribbean persons, Bangladeshis, Pakistanis, Indians and Chinese. Such want ends up taking to hapless life conditions, deficiency of nutrient, wellness commissariats finally taking to ill wellness ; hence this confirms the worse wellness position of cultural minorities compared to the bulk white population ( National Statistics, 2006 ) . However, although the wellness position of cultural minorities seems to be much worse than that of the bulk white population, â€Å" †¦ the life anticipation of both work forces and adult females has improved throughout the twentieth Century†¦ † ( Clarke, 2001, pg 130 ) . Besides, harmonizing to Taylor and Field ( 2003 ) , nowadays cultural minority communities ( African, Asiatic and Indian ) seem to hold similar degrees of health care proviso, if non better, compared to the bulk white population. Decision: Although to a higher extent there are more grounds for the difference in the wellness statuses amongst cultural minorities and white bulk, the new thoughts today, if implemented good, could assist cut down the difference. The differences in wellness positions between cultural minority groups and the bulk white groups in Britain is clearly an issue. Pierson ( 2002 ) argued that socio-inequality in health care could be reduced by bettering the health care proviso for cultural minority groups ; hence finally, acquiring rid of the differences in the wellness positions of both societal groups ( cultural minorities and white bulk ) . Pierson ( 2002 ) suggested that antidiscrimination policies could be implemented through increasing the public assistance and benefits for the disadvantaged ; and, including the less privileged cultural minority groups in determination devising. This would assist better the health care from everyone ‘s point of position, from every societal category.

The Great Divorce - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1920 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Divorce Essay Did you like this example? In the beginning of the book CS Lewis is giving a brief set up to what the book will be about and what we can expect as readers. He makes it very clear to us that this is all a fantasy before we continue into the first chapter. To continue, in the first chapter the storyteller begins to describe a bus stop and who he sees around him. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Great Divorce" essay for you Create order The people are angry, and a Big man and a Small man get into a fight because the small man is complaining about the people he sees while the big man tells him to shut his mouth and punches him right in the face. The small man exits the line and the bus arrives. The storyteller describes it as stunning and bright while also driven by a driver that only has one hand on the wheel. The people were boarding the bus in a frenzy for no apparent reason, because the bus was only half full when the storyteller got on last. The storyteller then sits on the bus next to a man, which he calls, Tousle-Headed Poet. One of the most important things that the poet says to the storyteller is that most people do not actually ride the bus because they would much rather prefer to go to grey town. Then suddenly the storyteller notices that they are flying in the bus and can see grey town below him. Now in Chapter 2 the poet is telling the storyteller, his life story and what he has gone through in his lifetime. He also confessed to the storyteller that at the beginning of the war he was briefly a communist but then later rejected it. He was in a horrible relationship with a woman and came to his final straw when she was greedy with money and jumped in front of a train. He tells the storyteller that ever since he has jumped in front of the train he has spent his time in grey town. As the bus is still in the air a random fight breaks out between all of the passengers with knives and guns. Then all of the sudden it ends instantly, leaving the storyteller untouched. Now, he is sitting next to a different man who is intelligent man. The intelligent man describes grey town to the storyteller as a place where there are always new people coming in and as soon as they do they tend to fight and brawl. When you arrive at grey town you start at the civic center and you want to eventually m ake your way to the bus stop. The intelligent man says that it can take millions of years to go from the civic center to the bus stop. Some rather famous people have drifted past the bus stop which include Napoleon, Julius Caesar, and Genghis Kahn. The intelligent man describes how he wishes he could tell people to go forth to the bus stop instead of drifting away. Then he tells the storyteller that he is going to try to pick up some things, so he can sell them to the people in grey town to make some sort of profit. Now in Chapter 3, the bus finally comes to a stop and people then exit the bus. The area around them is a nearby river with trees and grass on the ground. The storyteller was said to have expressed, I had a sense of being in a larger space, perhaps maybe even a larger sort of space, than I have ever known before (27). This place seemed so vast and infinite to the storyteller. He then comes across a daisy that he tries to pick from the ground. He is bending the stem and trying to twist it and it was as hard as a rock. He described it as hard as a diamond. He then tries to pick up a leaf nearby it and it would not budge. Just the effort of trying to pick the daisy and the leaf left him out of breath. Then the storyteller notices that he is completely see-through and that he is a phantom. So is everyone who wandered out of the bus. A woman cried she couldnt handle it and ran back on to the transportation. The big man who looks like a ghost asked the driver when they were all going to he ad back to grey town and the driver explains, Stay as long as you please (29). Just upon out in the distance they all see a mountain range and then closer by the river they see bodies of people who were naked and called spirits. In Chapter 4, the Big Ghost notices a spirit that he knows from his past and remembers him as Len. He then becomes very angry at Len and reminds him he is a murderer and he killed a man named Jack. Len explains in the book after he was accused of murder, Of course I did. It is all right now' All right is it? All right for you, you mean. But what about the poor chap himself, laying cold and dead? But he isnt. I have told you, you will meet him soon. He sent you his love' (33). The big ghost was envious and confused that Len is in heaven and gets to be free while the big ghost has to spend his time in grey town. The big ghost says that he has always been good and that he doesnt deserve to be in this situation. Len confused, tells the him of his sins and he gets to be upset and says he will never take advice from a murderer. In Chapter 5, the storyteller is approached by two lions which he quickly tries to escape until he then came across a spirit conversing with a larger ghost. The ghost was asking the spirit about a man named Dick which is the spirits father. The ghost explains that he is in grey town and rejects the idea of there being a heaven and hell. The spirit asks him to try to have him, believe in him, so he can then move past grey town. Dick believes that grey town is hell plain and simple. The large ghost asks for Dick to go to the mountain to see the face of god and for him to repent his sins. Then after he listens to this conversation he comes up with a novel idea that maybe he could walk on water. So, the storyteller then steps onto the water and in fact was walking on it. It became very difficult though, since the water was moving and he found it to be more difficult than he ever thought. In Chapter 6, the storyteller is still walking on water and then suddenly is right by a waterfall. He notices the intelligent man he sat next to, on the bus or now known as Ikey. He is in the bushes trying to pick up apples and other items and is finding them to be very heavy. Out of nowhere a large and stern voice came calling out and called Ikey a fool and to put them down. The waterfall, then turned out to be an angel in disguise and made its way over to Ikey. The angel explained to Ikey that apples have no place in hell and that he should enjoy them here. Ikey disobeyed and decided that he was going to continue to the bus anyways. In Chapter 7, Ikey is still traveling to the bus with the apples stuffed in his pockets. The big angel referred to as Water Giant doesnt try to stop him. The storyteller then comes across all over the world and doesnt think that the true sights in the world are worth seeing at all. He describes them as a bunch of advertisements run by some sort of corporation. He also described hell as a huge disappointment. As the Hard-Bitten ghost was leaving, he warned the storyteller that it is going to rain soon. The rain will be like bullets which upset the storyteller and left him to be sad and worried. In Chapter 8, the storyteller was upset with the Hard-bitten ghost for telling him that the rain my really injure him. The storyteller goes off to the river and sulks about how the spirits dont look after the ghosts the way he wants them to. He finds that they have their own agenda of things to do that doesnt include them. The storyteller still saddened by the future rain, tries to find some shelter. On his way through the woods, he comes across a female ghost and a spirit in a heated argument over her not wanting to travel up to the mountain. The spirit is insisting that she does in order to receive her body. She gets upset and says she will not. The text explains, A herd of unicorns came thundering through the glades (63) This must have been merely out of pure disappointment of her insisting to not travel upward to the mountain to repent. Reflection What I found most interesting about grey town or hell, was that all who enter start at the civic center and have to find their way to the bus stop. What makes this so compelling for me to think about is that according to the Poet, it takes millions of years to reach the bus stop. That may be for the agony of time you have to think with just yourself about all of your sins that you have committed. Then by the time you reach the bus stop you can make the decision to repent the sins you have committed and go off to heaven or get back on the bus and return to hell. What CS Lewis I think wanted the readers to take away from grey town is that it is not a fiery and satanic place. It is a sad and depressing place where people who sinned are angry and alone. They are left to think about what they have done. It is almost an internal battle with just you and the millions of years you have to contemplate what you have done. Some questions I have that I did not get clarity from the text is how do you end up getting the luxury of going on the bus? How do you know where to find the bus stop? What inhibits you from getting to the bus stop in Genghis Kahn, Julius Caesar, and Napoleons case? After reading this text I have learned a great deal of what the after life is like in CS Lewiss mind. It is nothing like I would have ever imagined and was quite hard to understand at first read. But after more deep analyzing I have come to the conclusion that when you go to grey town you have to think long and hard about what you have done to land in a place like that. Then, after thorough contemplation you have the opportunity to go to the bus. When you make it to the destination you should travel up the mountain, see the face of God, and repent your sins so then you can enter eternal happiness of heaven. I imagine this book is going to make it quite a feat to get to heaven, but I think it would be. Overall, so far this book is a little confusing, but I really enjoyed reading CS Lewiss perspective on all of these unknowns.

Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice - 1048 Words

In the complex system of marine life many species coexist in a beautiful yet perilous world under the ocean surface. While fish generally in general fish tend to swim mindlessly throughouth the water, and sharks are known for spreading terror through the seas, dolphins particularly stand out as thoughtful and caring. Many stories are told about the benevolent actions of these magnificent creatures. Within dolphin pods, every dolphin cares for one another and will even defend their friends and family against predators. The society we live in is not that different from life under the sea. Although there is no food chain in place, there will always be fish who thoughtlessly wander about, and sharks who constantly demand for what they want.†¦show more content†¦Elizabeth interrupts him, You are too hasty, sir, she cries. I am very sensible of the honour of your proposals, but it is impossible for me to do otherwise than to decline them (105). Despite Mr. Collins’ circumst ance and position to inherit the family household, Elizabeth does not hesitate to reveal her true feelings on the subject. Furthermore, Elizabeth rejects Darcy’s first proposal as well. Similar to Mr. Collins, Darcy is not very courteous in his proposal. Instead of embracing his love for Elizabeth, Darcy suppresses it and begins to talk about other details, such as his social status and income. Elizabeth swiftly rejects him by answering, â€Å"You could not have made the offer of your hand in any possible way that would have tempted me to accept it† (188). She recollects events in which Darcy did not behave in the most gentlemanlike manner. Although some of these accusations were proven to be unjustified, Darcy himself agrees that â€Å"[his] behaviour to [Elizabeth] at the time had merited the severest reproof† (249). Elizabeth does not marry for the sake or wealth or glory, but rather to someone who can give her happiness and love. Above all, Elizabeth even go es up against Lady Catherine de Bourgh herself. Towards the end of the story Elizabeth and Darcy begin to fall in love with each other, but Lady Catherine decides

History And Impact Of Drug Treatment Courts - 1471 Words

The History and Impact of Drug Treatment Courts Tincen Vithayathil University of Baltimore The History and Impact of Drug Courts Between 1990 and 1999, individuals who were convicted of a drug crime rose past 100,000, which accounted for 20 percent of our nation’s increased prison population (Lurigio, 2008). Between 1995 and 2003, the number of drug-related offenders constituted the largest increase of criminals in our nation’s prison population (Lurigio, 2008). In 2004, approximately 50 percent of state prisoners were known to be substance abusers or have drug dependency (King Pasquarella, 2009). During these years, drug offenders were crowding dockets, prisons, and nearly the entire criminal justice system (Lurigio, 2008). Due to the expensive cost of handling such cases and the difficulty of changing the habits of drug abusers, community based programs were introduced to slow the drastic increase of drug-related incarcerations (Lurigio, 2008). According to the Office of National Drug Control Policy, Americans owed nearly 32 billion dollars toward criminal justice expenses, 31 billion dollars toward lost productivity, and three billion towards property damage in 1998 (King Pasquarella, 2009). These chain of events built the foundation for Drug Treatment Courts (DTC) here in the United States. The origin of the first-ever drug court was located in the 11th Judicial Circuit in Miami-Dade County, Florida in 1989 (King Pasquarella, 2009). DTC programs maintainShow MoreRelatedQuasi-Experimental Group Design To Compare Recidivism Rates Of Opioid Offenders?892 Words   |  4 Pagesoffenders in drug courts compared to offenders on probation. Since, random assignment to control and experimental groups are not feasible, the two groups will be matched on various demographic characteristics as well as the current choice of drug. 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Comparison of Troy Maxson and Willy Loman free essay sample

When one achieves wealth and happiness, they’re considered successful. In Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller and Fences by August Wilson, both protagonists Willy Loman and Troy Maxson go through many trials and tribulations trying to achieve this wealth and happiness through the American Dream. These trials and tribulations not only allow the reader to identify the characters’ hubris, but also their bitter, inconsiderate personalities. Furthermore, it was not America holding these characters back from reaching the dream, but rather their own bad choices. Their misfortune turns them into bitter people, undeserving of the reader’s sympathy. At first glance, both Willy Loman and Troy Maxson live such unpleasant lives that would seem almost impossible not to feel sympathetic towards them. They’re both middle-aged family men fighting to better themselves and their families. However, in the lives of both men, pride, insatiable wants, and jealousy lead to their downfall. We will write a custom essay sample on Comparison of Troy Maxson and Willy Loman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After careful examination, it becomes clear why they’re undeserving of the reader’s sympathy. In Death of A Salesman, we’re immediately introduced to Willy Loman, an old salesman who after twenty-odd years on the job admits being burned out. Returning home from his latest trip to Boston, Willy tells his wife Linda that he can’t make any more trips because he’s â€Å"tired to death† (Miller 13). Linda responds with, you’re sixty years old. They can’t expect you to keep traveling every week,† and we see that Willy is an overworked, underpaid, salesman struggling to provide for his family (Miller 14). However, it’s not long before we see what caused Willy to reach this state. Throughout the novel, Willy had a warped view of how to be successful in society. 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Charley says, â€Å"I offered you a job. You can make fifty dollars a week. And I won’t send you on the road† (Miller 96). Though Willy knows he’s a burned out old who can’t travel anymore, he lets his pride stand in the way of creating a better life for himself and his family. Willy was chasing the American Dream and had he took advantage of the opportunities given to him, it would have become more than a dream. Willy made bad decisions. We can’t sympathize with him because the only person responsible for the outcome of those decisions is Willy. In Fences we’re introduced to a character similar to Willy Loman by the name of Troy Maxson. Now fifty-three, Troy often reminisced on his denied chance to make it big in major-league baseball, based solely on the color of his skin. Of course, this type of prejudice would cause the reader to feel sympathize with Troy. Despite being shot down in his prime, Troy still manages to make a successful living as a garbage man and makes a more than reasonable living for someone of his race during the time period. However, not so much is it Troy’s behavior towards himself but rather how his persona affects his family that cause the reader to loose sympathy for him. Troy’s wife Rose is devoted, loving, and takes pride in taking care of their entire family. However, Troy decides his life is too dull, dull enough for him to have an affair. Following his admittance of his affair and fathering another woman’s child, Troy tries to explain with this: â€Å"†¦I fooled them Rose. I bunted. When I found you and Cory and a halfway decent job†¦ I was safe†¦. Then I saw that gal†¦. And then I got to thinking that if I tried I just might be able to steal second†¦ (Wilson 70). † This explanation ultimately shows the reader that no matter how good his life may be, Troy will never be happy with what he has. While it’s a natural tendency for people to want more, it’s hard to feel bad for someone who already has everything they need. Another deciding factor is Troy’s self-centeredness. While he says numerous times that he wants nothing more than to better himself, he denies his son Cory that very opportunity. Cory has the skills and a scholarship opportunity to play college football. Troy however, refuses to let him play, saying, â€Å" The white man ain’t gonna let you get no where with that football noway. You go on and get your book-learning so you can work yourself up in that AP or learn how to fix cars or build houses or something, get you a trade† (Wilson 35). Troy takes this opportunity from Cory on the grounds that because he himself was not able to make it big, he believes his son shouldn’t either. Furthermore, Rose points out that to Troy that â€Å"Times have changed since [he] was young†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and that â€Å"People change†¦. and [Troy] can’t even see it† (Wilson 40). Not only does he ignore that the times have changed since he was young, the reader could infer that jealousy plays a role too. These behaviors that Troy overtly displays, and no attempts to change them, cause the reader to loose all sympathy for Troy. Neither Willy Loman nor Troy Maxson ever achieved what they planned to in their lives. The American Dream became the shattered glass of the window of opportunity they originally possessed. Neither became the men they wanted to be, however if the two would’ve put their pride aside to better their families, not only would their lives have been less misfortunate, but they would have obtained stronger sympathy from the reader. However, lessons can be learned from both of their lives; cherish what you have and don’t let your pride take over.

Life Insurance Risk and Pricing Components

Question: Discuss about theLife Insurance Risk and Pricing Components. Answer: Introduction This report gives a brief about an insurer or a re-insurer or a division of either. For this a particular division or a business class of an insurer has been taken that is currently underwritten. For that case, an analysis has been done on the risk exposures and pricing components related to that insurer or his/ her division. It is quite evident that insurance is one of the important sectors of business in todays volatile environment. In economic terms, an insurance policy refers to a contract between two parties- insured (policyholder) and insurer (insurance company). Policies may differ on the basis of the type of risk involved like insureds life, health, property, commercial, etc. Just like any other business, insurance business is also controlled by a regulating authority like Insurance Authority (IA) in UAE. In context of business, insurance policies are of critical significance due to various risks faced by them (Ć urak et al., 2009). The most important factors related to insurance policy are the cost of insurance and the risks involved. The cost of insurance is nothing but premium paid by the insured which is determined according to his risk profile. The risk is that component of insured for which he/ she needs protection. Being an insurer, he/ she have to face a pool of such risks. To be an owner of a profitable insurance business, he needs to hold a firm grip on these two components (Grossi, 2005). To undertake this research and analyse these factors of insurance, I have chosen facets of life insurance, in general. Before I start with the details of these facets, I would like to brief the concept of underwriting business in insurance sector with some insights of an insurers role and a re- insurers role. Insurer and Re-Insurer- A Brief Insurer Insurer is referred to as an entity who promises to reimburse pre- set losses or damages if they occur due to specified risks. This entity enters into a contractual agreement with counterparty (known as insured or policyholder) to indemnify his contingent liabilities by subrogating the insureds position. Generally, an insurer is an insurance company certified under the regulatory body of the country it is operating. Many a times, this insurer is also known as underwriter. An insurer has to perform several functions for its clients as well as for society. Reason being a robust sector of insurance in an economy is a barometer for development and modernisation. One of the core functions of an insurer is to facilitate risk management advices by providing superior insurance products and timely reimbursement of claims. As an insurer, they act as a pool of risk and large amount of funds. Hence, they are in a position to assist business people and even society to recover from losses. They also act as one of the largest employers and institutional investors in a country. Not only themselves, they have also encouraged business associates to invest in large volumes without caring about risk of loss. This accelerates an economys growth (Starc, 2014). Re- insurer The insurer or an insurance company which is discussed above is said to be a primary insurer. Such an insurer has to face unlimited risk. Hence, many times primary insurer also takes insurance from another insurance company to shift a part of its risk in return of premium. This other insurer is known as re- insurer. The process of taking re- insurance is also known as cession. The way to distinguish between an insurer and a re- insurer is that re- insurers generally have Re word after their names. Re-insurance helps in giving protection against natural disasters since primary insurer will not be able to reimburse such a large amount of claims alone. By shifting a part of their risk to re- insurer, they are able to benefit the entire society. The role of a re- insurer can be broadly classified under five heads, brief of which is given below. Facultative re- insurance: When primary insurance is large enough that it cannot be borne by a single insurer, then it requires re- insurance. Treaty re- insurance: a re- insurance taken for a basket full of similar risk. Proportional re- insurance: A proportion of premium and risk is pre- determined to be shared by primary insurer and re- insurer. Non- proportional re- insurance: The level of risk mitigated by the re- insurer depends on the size of loss incurred. Retrocession re- insurance: It is a situation when a re- insurer takes re- insurance from other. (Swartz, 2003) Underwriting- the concept Underwriting an insurance business simply means to undertake a business of insurance by critical evaluation of risk components. An insurer employs some officials or a team of them to gauge the intensity of risks associated with the clients on boarding or potential clients. Underwriters are responsible to calculate the risk associated with the insured and probability of claims that can occur in future. They carry out a detailed analysis to ascertain such factors and advise clients as to the coverage they need to optimally mitigate their risk. They also assist insurers to determine the cost of insurance policy or what should be charged from the insured in return of the protection given. They also advise whether to accept a particular risk or not. His main role is to safeguard insurers interests from taking too much risk. They hold a crucial importance in the application process of a policy. They divide all the clients of a company into various classes depending on their risk. They also have the responsibility to check frauds and misrepresentation on the part of clients. Hence, they give a critical component of pricing of policies (Murtaugh et al., 1995). Rationale of Life Insurance Business Life Insurance- Underwriting Features of the client Underwriters comments Advanced cancers, serious heart issues, diabetes and other chronic illness Table 16/P (400% surcharge) Table 9/I (225% surcharge) Multiple illness with high considerations Table 8/H (200% surcharge) Table 7/G (175% surcharge) Epilepsy, recent cancer- like serious disease that is resolved Table 6/F (150% surcharge) Table 5/E (125% surcharge) Highly overweight, hazardous health habits, diabetes, serious heart disease Table 4/D (100% surcharge) Table 3/C (75% surcharge) Overweight, cancer like serious disease that has been recently resolved, other chronic illness of family or client Table 2/B (50% surcharge) Table 1/A (25% surcharge) Little inferences on clients prior illness, family history- presence of chronic diseases, depression, anxiety, etc. are also present Standard (average premium) Obesity at a very mild stage, medical history of family says about possibility of death due to illness Standard plus (standard rates of premium are charged) Little inferences on familys medical history, general medicinal consumption for blood pressure, cholesterol, etc. Preferred (low premium) Appropriate weight, appropriate height, clients history of any ailment- Nil, familys history of chronic diseases- Nil Preferred plus (better than average risk, lower premiums are charged from this group) (Otlowski et al., 2007) Product Range Offered By a Life Insurer Although life insurance products are mainly concerned with giving protection against the life of an insured, but today, many other policies are also provided by life insurers. Annuities insurance Annuity insurance helps people to plan for their retirement. In such policies, insured or the policyholder has to pay some amount to insurer, may be in lump sum or may be in instalments, as desired by the insured. Interest is given on such payments. After stipulated period of time, insured will get regular income or a lump sum payment from these funds. Automobile insurance It is also known as auto insurance. If an automobile or a vehicle meets with an accident, then an auto insurer reimburses the losses to the owner under such a policy. Automobile owners pay an annual premium to insurer to avail such benefit where he/ she can get most of the losses recovered like damage to vehicle, etc. Flood insurance Such insurance gives protection against natural disasters. Often, cession is involved in such cases since the amount and number of claims will be large if contingent event occurs. Hence, these insurers give protection to the property owners against natural calamities like flood. Health insurance As the name suggests, health insurance gives protection on insureds health. It mitigates the expenses incurred in medical and surgical areas if any health issues are detected in the insured. Either they pay directly to care provider or they reimburse expenses to the insured. It is generally used in employee benefit packages. Typical life insurance Life insurance protects financial losses of the family of insured that may occur due to his accidental death. Beneficiary of the insured is entitled to all the claims. Hence, this insurer helps in safeguarding the adverse impact of premature death of the insured. However, the insured has to pay regular insurance premium. Travel insurance This insurance covers the contingent or uncertain expense related to a trip or while travelling. Such expenses may include expenses incurred due to trip cancellation, lost baggage, accidents or any other mis- happenings. They provide protection for international trips and as well as for in- border trips. Workmens compensation insurance Generally employers use such insurance as an employee benefit scheme to attract best talent pool in their organizations. During the job, if an employee meets with an accident or incurs any other type of expenses which are not certain, then they are payable by the employer. And, employer will get these expense reimbursed under this insurance (Gerber, 1997). Risk Components of Life Insurance Business If we talk about risk components of a life insurance business, we come to know that underwriters owe a major responsibility to evaluate all the factors that may pose a risk to insurance business. Being a protection seller, life insurer is exposed to unlimited risk which has been transferred by the insured. Not only that, like any other business enterprise, life insurance is also exposed to market risk and credit risk (Kawatkar Basu, 2013). The International Actuarial Association has embarked 5 major risks associated with life insurance division. They are liquidity risk, operational risk, market risk, credit risk and underwriting risk. Few of them are discussed below. Underwriting risk We have already discussed underwriting in detail. When an insurance company on- boards a client, i.e. an insurer enters into a contract with a policyholder, they carry a detailed research on the risk profile of the customer. This is what we call as underwriting. During this process, underwriters may make a mistake in analysis. It may also happen that a client misrepresents some facts and go undetected. These mistakes may lead to sever loss incurred by insurance companies. Such a risk of loss comes under the head of underwriting risk. If the hazards covered under the policy are not properly communicated or the underwriting process is not done effectively, then it may lead to serious consequences to the insurer (Kunreuther et al., 1995). Market risk Whatever business sector we discuss, market is a key component of every trade and business. And, it is also evident that market never seems to be placid. It is always so volatile and dynamic that it has consequences on businesses. Life insurance business is a no exception. The risk an insurer faces due to fluctuations in market facets like interest rates, prices of securities, etc. is known as market risk. Major components of market risk may include interest rate risk, equity risk, real estate risk, currency risk, basis points risk, re- investment risk, off balance sheet risk, etc. (Grosen Jrgensen, 2002). Credit risk If a counter party defaults to pay his/ her liabilities, then there is a risk to insurer to lose his stream of payments. Not only this, insurer has to incur some expenses even to send them legal summons to oblige to their duties. If there is a counter party default or a change in credit rating of counter party, then the risk faced by insurer is known as credit risk. Few examples may include business credit risk on the part of re- insurer, political risk, sovereignty risk or risk associated with non- performing assets (Lindskog McNeil, 2003). Recommended Steps to Mitigate Risk To mitigate the above listed risk factors, a life insurer must have a look of the following step by step guide on risk management. Step 1: Life insurers are generally big enterprises and they carry a big pool of risk. Hence, they have a critical need to have a separate risk management division in their business, which is responsible for mitigating the overall risk of business. Sometimes, this responsibility is given to senior managers. It should be kept in mind that they are risk takers and are also working as risk managers. These two conflicting roles may deter both the responsibilities. Hence, a separate risk management team is required. Step 2: Each department of a life insurance company must carefully analyse all the risk areas in depth and breadth that may affect their business adversely. A risk event is quite likely to trigger another risk event. So, all the cross- connections must be carefully identified. Step 3: Next step is to classify those risks under different heads as discussed above. For example, operational risk will require different strategy from that of a market risk. Therefore, risk facets should be organised under correct heads to give a correct direction to mitigation efforts. Step 4: Then is the stage to analyse the intensity of various types of risk that may have a severe financial impact and jotting down the results in quantitative terms. Step5: Lastly, those results are to be used to mitigate the risk and increase profitability. These results will help in formulating alternative courses of action that may reduce the companys exposure towards risk. Pricing of Life Insurance or Rate Making of Life Insurance Factors affecting price of insurance policy There are several factors that affect the pricing of a life insurance policy. Few of them depend on risk concerned, while few are based on demographic details of the client. Mostly considered components are age, gender, health habits, clients health records, medical history of family, lifestyle, driving record of the client and bottom line of the company. Generally, all the life insurers consider all of these basic components to decide the price of their insurance contract, which is known as premium. These factors determine the risk level of a client and hence suggests, to which category of underwriting a client belongs. Few of these components which are considered as most critical are discussed below. Age The most prominent and first question to be asked from a client is about the age. If the client is young, he is less likely to have chronic diseases and other health issues which are common at senior age. Besides that, the person is going to pay many premiums before there is a liability for the insurer to pay a claim, if arises. Hence, they are likely to pay low premium amounts. The case is vice versa for elderly people. Hence, it is recommended to the potential clients that they should take insurance at an early stage. Health habits Most common malpractice towards health is smoking and drinking. In context of insurance, a person who consumes alcohol or is a smoker is put under the head of high risk clients. This makes that person liable to pay more money for the same protection as compared to that of a non- smoker or a non- alcoholic. The difference is such that smokers have to pay double of what a non- smoker is paying. Your current habits depend on what you did in the past. So, an insurer is also keen to know about your past health records. They conduct a proper medical exam of a client in which all the health issues of the client are identified, whether they are related to past or present. A healthy person with clean health habits is likely to pay less and vice versa. Besides that, how much a person is concerned about his/ her life is also of utmost importance. If a client likes racing or trekking, then he/ she are likely to be a part of such things frequently and they are under a larger threat. Family medical history One cannot do anything with hereditary problems. But they impact a persons life. Insurers make sure that the family of the client do not have any history of chronic diseases. Only then, they will be allowed to pay lesser premium. Otherwise, as the intensity of such risk rises, the premium amount will rise in a direct relationship (Bacinello, 2003). Recommendations for Apt Pricing Policy of the Insurer Pricing is the only factor of business facets that is aimed at earning revenues, others incur costs. Hence, to maintain profitability, it must be critically analysed. No obtuse criteria should be used to determine premium of a policy. Premium rates should be determined after a rational statistical analysis of the losses that had occurred in past in the same risk area. The clients past records should also be checked thoroughly. But sometimes, past records analysis do not give best forecasts. So, stochastic and catastrophe modelling should be used by actuaries. Another important fact to be noted is that being a business enterprise, insurance company will set premiums to the level which can cover risk, loss, expenses and a good profit margin. Competition should not be avoided while determining pricing strategies. It should be kept at lower levels to attract customers. Hence, optimum level is to be decided to set premiums for all product ranges while complying with regulatory laws related to pricing of insurance. Conclusion Life insurance is one of the most prominent classes of insurance business. It includes cession as well. A life insurer, being a consortium of unlimited risks, takes insurance from a rather big insurer to shift a part of his risk exposure to re- insurer. Life insurance is typically about selling protection against life of the insured. But this business also involves a variety of other policies ranging from health insurance to travel insurance. Having such a diversified product range also increases the insurers risk exposure like market risk, credit risk, operational risk and underwriting risk. An insurance company needs to have a separate risk management team for controlling the adverse impact of these risks on business profitability. 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